The literature review should contain at least 30 citations and references please.
11 Dissertation 
11.1 General information
The majority of the marks (80%) available for the project module result from the submission of a dissertation. Two copies of the dissertation must be submitted for assessment purposes. The recommended style is for ‘comb’ binding with white card covers front and back and with a transparent sheet on the front only. 
Students should also prepare and submit electronically a full copy of their dissertation in a single Word file. This version will initially be used to assess any incidence of plagiarism in the work. In addition, where ethical considerations permit, this electronic version will be retained as a file copy for library purposes and may be made available to future project students. The electronic version must be one single file in Word format. Students should comply with the required page numbering sequences within the document and are expected to be fully conversant with sectioning and page numbering processes in Word. Blackboard only accepts files of up to 10MB in size. If a file exceeds this it is generally because images are included at too high a resolution. In this case, students should use Word’s ‘Compress Pictures’ function to reduce the file to a manageable size, whilst ensuring that images remain readable. 
It is strongly recommended that students prepare a third hard copy of their dissertation which they can use for reference prior to, and at, their viva. Students may consider producing this copy in hardbound, ‘thesis-style’ form for their own purposes, eg to show the quality of their work to a potential employer. 
The submitted copies of the dissertation must be no more than 18,000 words in length, from the Introduction to Conclusion chapters inclusive. 15,000 words is suggested as a reasonable target word count. Overall (ie including references, appendices and all other pages) the dissertation must not exceed 100 printed pages. In certain cases, appendices such as computer printouts or large format drawings may be submitted separately from the dissertation. Typing must be double-sided on white A4-sized paper, complying with the format given in table 7. Italic and bold fonts may be used sparingly for emphasis. Inappropriate use of colour is discouraged. If relying on a spellchecker, students must ensure that the language is set to the proper version of English and not, for example, “English (US)”.
Table 7: Font styles: Dissertation
Font Arial throughout
Body text 12pt; justified; 1½ line spacing (Note: 1.5 line, not 1.15)
Body text – direct quotations of three lines or more 12pt; justified; single line spacing; indented left and right by 10mm
Heading 1 (chapter) 16pt; bold; all capitals (Note: all chapters to start on a new page)
Heading 2 (sections) 12pt; bold; all capitals
Heading 3 (subsection) 12pt; bold; capitals and lower case
Heading 4 (item) 12pt; italic; capitals and lower case
Table title 12pt; bold; capitals and lower case; centred above table
Table body text 12pt (smaller if required)
Table footnote 10pt; aligned left to table border
Table and figure numbers 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 etc within each chapter
Margins 20mm top, right and left; 40mm bottom
Page numbers 12pt Arial; bottom of page; centred

All students are advised to table a hard copy draft of their dissertation to the module leader at briefing session 6 (see table 2). It will not be assessed at this stage but will be checked to ensure that it complies with the required format and conventions, before the student proceeds with final editing, printing and binding. The structure of the finished dissertation must comply with the details in section 11.2 and be formatted in line with table 7. Assessment of the dissertation will be in accordance with the mark sheet in appendix 6. 
11.2 Sectioning of dissertation 
11.2.1 Title page 
The title page is presented on the front white card cover and lists the dissertation title, the student’s name, a standard disclaimer, the degree name and year. See appendix 8 for format. Ensure that the necessary [his/her] deletion is made from the disclaimer. 
11.2.2 Abstract 
This section appears immediately after the title page. It should contain a precise statement of the aims and objectives of the project, a synopsis of the methodology, a summary of the main points covered in the dissertation and the conclusions made. The abstract should be no more than about 300 words in length. 
An abstract must not refer to maps, diagrams, tables etc, contained in the main body of the dissertation but allow readers of the abstract to obtain an accurate assessment of the work before they have sight of the whole document. The abstract can hence only be written when the entire programme of work has been completed and the majority of the rest of the dissertation compiled. 
11.2.3 Acknowledgements 
The author may wish to acknowledge people’s contribution to the work described in the dissertation. This should not include the name of the supervisor as it reduces the effectiveness of the blind marking process. 
11.2.4 Glossary/notation/abbreviations/list of figures 
If the dissertation contains a significant number of abbreviations or technical terms which are likely to be unfamiliar to the readers, these should be listed. The same applies if there are large numbers of diagrams or figures. 
11.2.5 Contents 
The contents should list the headings and sub-headings in the order in which they appear in the dissertation. It should not list any of the sections which appear before it; neither should it list the contents itself. Section numbers are conventionally placed on the left and starting page numbers on the right. Subsections should be indented. A typical contents page appears as appendix 9. 
11.2.6 Introduction (Chapter 1) 
This section must cover the following points: 
• Sufficient background to the subject area to allow a reasonably well informed academic reader to understand subsequent sections. 
• Justification that the subject area being addressed is appropriate for academic study. 
• A clear statement of aims and objectives. 
• The scope and limitations of the project, clearly describing the particular areas covered. 
• Some general indication of sources of information, although detailed references will be given elsewhere in the dissertation. 
• The degree to which any ethical and/or safety issues are raised by the project and/or its methodology, and how these have been addressed in the work. 
• A description of the structure of the dissertation in order that the reader can understand the logic of the way in which the findings are presented. 
The first page of the introduction must be designated page 1. Earlier pages must be designated by lower case Roman numerals (i, ii, iii etc), whilst the title page is unnumbered. 
11.2.7 Literature review and methodology (Chapter 2) 
Chapter 2 consists of a review of academic literature in the field of the student’s research – a critical analysis of written literature that impinges on the project. Specifically, the review should say how the student’s own work relates to pre-existing academic literature. This chapter may be based on the literature review assignment in the level 5 module but students may wish to modify this in the light of the subsequent direction of their work. [Note that this complies with “prior knowledge and consent of the Module Leader” relating to reuse of previously-submitted work, as referred to in the Undergraduate Academic Framework Regulations (2014/2015), section UG.C5.4.1(viii).] 
Chapter 2 must also include the research methodology. The dissertation is not just a collection of facts – it must incorporate a valid analysis to underpin the conclusions. Here the author must explain and justify the research technique(s) used. 
11.2.8 Investigation chapters (Chapter 3 etc) 
The number of main body chapters and their headings will depend upon the nature of the dissertation. The supervisor will provide guidance in this area but having too few chapters may make the dissertation difficult to follow, having too many may make the coverage of some topics too superficial. 
A logical sequence of development is needed to guide the reader through the steps taken by the author in his/her investigations. It is recommended that every chapter has an introduction and summary. Sections and subsections should follow a logical pattern and be clearly numbered and labelled. Wherever possible sections should be roughly of equal length and it is recommended that there is no block of text of more than one page without some form of heading or sub-heading. 
Chapters should be appear in as logical a sequence as possible and always start on a new page (using Word’s page break function to avoid editing problems). The student’s supervisor will be able to advise in this regard, but it is better if the student formulates a structure at a relatively early stage and receives feedback. Word has the facility to automatically number sections and subsections but it can be very difficult to avoid errors when using this function. 
Where facts or data from the student’s own investigations are given in these chapters, every effort must be made to present them in an unbiased way – informed opinions should be left for the analysis section. This format allows readers to reach different conclusions from the author’s, or to compare data with their own investigations. Data should be presented in tables or graphs if appropriate and the main features should also be described in the text. Highly detailed information is usually more appropriately located in the appendices (qv). 
Dissertations must be written in the third person. At no stage in the dissertation should the author use phrases like “I found that ...”, “... my project ...” etc. Instead, the style should be “It was found that …”, “… the project …” etc. 

Good use should be made of diagrams, tables, photographs and maps as appropriate. Such items must be referred to in the text to explain their significance and placed as close as possible to the location in the text which refers to them. It is recommended that students limit themselves to ‘tables’ (items which contain figures and/or text only) and ‘figures’ (all other items, such as graphs, charts, diagrams etc). Figures and tables should be sequentially numbered in separate series, either throughout the dissertation or on a chapter by chapter basis (eg Fig 1.1, 1.2 etc for chapter 1). Each figure and table should have a title above it and the source (in Harvard format) below it. 
All illustrations must be produced to a high standard; in general, this means that hand drawn diagrams are unacceptable. Some material, particularly maps, diagrams and photographs, may be protected by copyright; students must obtain permission from the copyright holder to include these items in their dissertations. 
11.2.8 Discussion/analysis 
This is the most important part of the dissertation, the part which allows the examiner to differentiate between a poor/average piece of work and a good/excellent one. Its purpose is to draw together the principal findings of the investigation chapters and analyse them in an innovative way. New facts must not be brought in at this stage but rather the reader should be directed back in the dissertation to the point where the facts were originally described before being analysed. It may be appropriate to reference the use of an analytical technique if it is felt that the reader will be unfamiliar with it. 
This section should be thought of as a bridge between the author’s factual data and his/her conclusions. Jumping straight from facts to conclusions will result in a significant loss of marks. 
11.2.9 Conclusions and reflection 
The conclusions refer back to the aims and objectives of the project and should concisely state the most important points arising from what has been found. Conclusions must relate directly to the facts in the main body of the dissertation; they must also relate to the discussion/analysis section in such a way that one flows naturally into the other. New facts must never be brought in at this stage. If conclusions require further facts, these must be added to the main body and the discussion/analysis as appropriate. 
Students should also provide a reflective evaluation of the research process, eg explaining why certain objectives may not have been met in full and whether conclusions are fully justified and supported. 
Recommendations are not required; these are limited to reports commissioned by others. Even if a project is undertaken in conjunction with a company (eg those of part time and sandwich students), the dissertation is still written for the examiners and omits recommendations. In these cases, it is expected that the student provides his/her recommendations to the company in the form of a brief stand alone document (which may be included as an appendix to the dissertation) and that the conclusion to the dissertation states that “It was recommended to [the company] that …” if appropriate. 
11.2.10 References 
At the end of the dissertation, after the conclusions and before the appendices, full details of references must be given in a single list in alphabetical order by author. There is no need for a bibliography – the only sources of interest to the reader are those to which specific reference has been made in the work. 
Where another author has been quoted directly, paraphrased or summarised, or their material or ideas have been used in other ways, this must be credited. Reference information must be sufficiently detailed to allow a reader to locate the source precisely. The specified method for 

Maritime, Logistics and Nautical Science dissertations is by use of the Harvard Reference system, rather than a sequential numbering or a footnoting system. Full information is provided through a set of guidance notes which is reproduced in appendix 10 of this guide. Although other sources may be consulted including a downloadable handbook, and Cite them right (Pears and Shields 2013) – the guidance notes give the definitive version of the conventions which must be followed. 
A verbatim quotation of another person’s work must be enclosed in quotation marks. If three lines or fewer it should be included in the body of the text; if greater than that it should be presented as a separate paragraph (indented left and right, enclosed in quotation marks and single line spaced). In either case, it must be accurately referenced, including page number as appropriate. 
Figures and tables must be referenced with designation of this type immediately below the item: ‘Source: Roberts (2001)’ or ‘Source: Author’ if wholly original. The style ‘Adapted from:’ may be used to indicate a diagram or table which has been modified from an original source. 
Students are advised to begin keeping a list of their sources as soon as they start to develop their project proposals, for example on a Microsoft Access database or Excel spreadsheet. To try and relocate references at a late stage of the project is difficult and unnecessarily time consuming. Online tools such as EndNote can help with referencing but they are very prone to errors if the database fields have not been formatted correctly. 
Passing off other authors’ work as the student’s own is plagiarism and a submitted dissertation may be rejected entirely if this is proven at an Academic Misconduct Panel. In such circumstances, students are usually denied the right of referral. 
11.2.11 Appendices 
The appendices include data which is too detailed to be incorporated in the main text but which is still of significance to the piece of work. It may include maps, tables, graphs, pamphlets, letters, raw survey data etc. The appendices are numbered in their own sequence, rather than in the sequence which starts at the beginning of Chapter 1, eg as Appendix 1, 2 etc. Each appendix must be referred to in the main body of the text to justify its inclusion. 
11.2.12 Word count (indicative) 
As described in section 11.1, a sensible target word count is 15,000. Structuring within this figure depends on the type of study being carried out and this is one area where the student’s supervisor will be able to give guidance. As a rough guide, the structure could typically be as shown in table 8, although the nature of each research project could mean that actual figures vary by +/-20% under each heading. The number of investigation chapters is not fixed, but having too few will create too large a block of text, whilst having too many will result in a rather fragmented dissertation.
Table 8: Dissertation structure and word count (indicative)
Chapter title Word count
1 Introduction 1000
2 Literature review and methodology 2500
3 [Investigation chapter 1] 3000
4 [Investigation chapter 2] 3000
5 [Investigation chapter 3] 3000
6 Analysis 2000
7 Conclusions and reflection 500
Total: 15000
Note: The number of investigation chapters and their titles will depend on the precise nature of the study being undertaken.
If need be for a slight modification of the aim and objective so as to enhance the work, please do so as I look forward to receiving an excellent piece of work from you please and thanks.
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