The clear fluid is likely to be the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Normally, this fluid is confined in the brain and spinal cord’s cavities (Brinker et al. 2014). Trauma such as the cycling collision that Ms. Meyer had can cause fracture of of bones allowing the CSF to drain through the nose. Sometimes it can leak out through the ears causing otorrhea. Normally, the part of the skull where the opening occurs is either structurally weak or developed abnormally from birth.

b)

Usually, the leakage occurs in the anterior cranial fossa. During CSF leakage, fractures are likely to occur in the frontal and sphenoid bones resulting in paranasal sinuses into the nasal cavity.

c)

Trauma causes a fracture of intact bones in which the sinus cavity may be lying just in front or just beneath the fractured bone providing passages for the CSF to drain into the nasal cavity (Mathias et al. 2016).