Article 1: Human Evolution by Russell Howard

TuttleRussel Howard (2019) defines human evolutions as the process by which the human species developed from primates that are extinct. The article points out that all our humans can trace their origin to Africa where they first evolved 315,000 years ago. Biologists and scientist believe in Charles Dawin theory that modern man descended from the Apes. Ancestors to the early humans (Hominins) are believed to Miocene Epoch. The Miocene gave rise to primates such as Griphopithecus, Kenyapithecus, Graecopithecus, Kenyapithecus, Dryopithecus, Orrorin, Sahelanthropus, and Samburupithecus (Howard, 2019). 

The article also provides the anatomy of bipedalism a unique feature in humans. As Howard (2019), noted, human bipedalism developed naturally from human arboreal body plan whereby the hind limbs were used to move and sitting to rest or feed. Activities such as squatting, reaching, standing are the initial changes that led to upright posture in humans. While walking, the large muscle masses on the lower limbs of the human body power human locomotion and makes it possible for a person to rise from sitting and squatting postures. Another distinct feature noted by Howard (2019) is that the feet in human is different from other apes as well as monkeys. The reason is that human use the feet to carry the body mass and propel the body without the help of forelimbs. As such, it makes the heel very strong. One the same note, the feet has a stable arch to give strength.